Market Analysis and Marketing Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Market Analysis and Marketing Plan - Assignment Example Samsung mobile phones are of cheaper and affordable prices therefore making them to sell more and increase penetration of the smartphones in the market. It yields high profits to the company (Michell, 2010). Environmental analysis is performed by Samsung companies enabling them to come up with long-term plans for the production of Samsung phones. It consists of political factors whereby the government’s policy such as tax imposed on Samsung mobile phones affects prices and influence production of the headsets. Social, economic factors where changes in peoples lifestyles and buying patterns of new trending Samsung smartphones provides an opportunity for the Samsung company. The opportunity ebales smart phone to make profits and improve on its products hence adding to improvement in the economy. Technological factors impact prospects for the company to implement new designs and inventions to engrave costs and develop new sets of Samsung phones with advanced features (Song & Lee, 2015). It entails the introduction of new smartphones with different features and designs low costs on an invention. The invention focuses on the environment that will influence the phones and the capability to market the phones (Pousttch, & Wiedemann, 2010). Focusing on producing too many Samsung smartphones of the same features will reduce demand as this will be monotonous in the product market. Companies and low-profit margin will interfere with the production system of the Samsung smart phones (Henry, 2008). Demand for Samsung tablets is an opportunity to the company as this will raise the supply and increase profits. Advertising the smartphones creates awareness o their existence and features designed and increase in the smartphone market for example in India (Majumdar, 2007). Samsung smartphones face high competition from other smartphone markets saturated in developed countries. There has been an increase in technologic

Mathmatics in our world Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mathmatics in our world - Term Paper Example This means that the likelihood of errors occurring would increase. This technique allows you to solve for the zeros of the quadratic equation much easier and simpler than other methods. There are many different equations and mathematical sequences, which have been discovered by mathematicians that yield intriguing properties. For example, the Fibonacci sequence and the Mandelbrot set are famous mathematical constructs dealing with patterns of number that have a specific set of problems. Euler, another famous mathematician, came up with an equation that gives prime numbers: x2-x-41. In this problem, it is useful to try and find descriptive data in order to see the pattern in the quadratic as a model of predictability. In the case of the data that was used, all were prime numbers. Therefore, in order to see if it was possible to solve for a composite using Euler’s formula, it shows that the answer is non-real. Assumptions and restrictions are used everyday in real world modeling, such as in finance and

History Of English Intonation English Language Essay

History Of English Intonation English Language Essay Many people think that pronunciation is what makes up an accent. It may be that pronunciation is very important for an understandable accent. But it is intonation that gives the final touch that makes an accent native. Intonation is the music of a language, and is perhaps the most important element of a good accent. Often we hear someone speaking with perfect grammar, and perfect formation of the sounds of English but with a little something that gives them away as not being nativespeaker.Therefore, it is necessary to realize that there is more than the correct pronunciation of the vowels and consonants of a language. This is very important and we do stress it in other articles. But it is only one of the three components to an accent, pronunciation, intonation, and linking. In other places we will examine the correct pronunciation of vowels and consonants, and linking, the way that syllables within a word, and the beginning and ending of words come together. Two useful abstractions: To understand how intonational transcription works, you must understand two different kinds of abstractions which the system relies on. The first is a phonetic abstraction, namely that there is something which we can call intonation, a well-defined set of linguistic phenomena all working together to determine the pitch pattern of an utterance. This abstraction is very useful because it is fairly easy to get a good measure of what listeners perceive as the pitch pattern. We can do this by extracting the fundamental frequency of the voiced parts of the utterance, a task which is computationally quite easy. We can then take the fundamental frequency pattern, and analyze it as the result of a set of linguistic categories with a number of specific purposes, and an algorithm which implements the categories as events in the pitch of the utterance. Two points to note here: 1) not all intonational categories have the same function; being an intonational category only means that the category has a specific and categorical effect on the pitch pattern. 2) these categories do not determine all aspects of the pitch pattern; variou s other non-linguistic differences, such as emotional state, degree of involvement in the speech, and individual differences such as ones due to sex, also affect aspects of the pitch pattern. The second is a functional abstraction. These intonational categories can be classified with respect to the two major types of prosodic functions. Prosody can be described as consisting of head mechanisms and edge mechanisms. Head mechanisms are those which act to pick out one piece of an utterance as different than its neighbors, while edge mechanisms indicate which items go with which by marking the edge of a larger grouping. Intonational categories in the English system similarly function either to pick out syllables which are more stressed than their neighbors, or to mark the final edge of a piece of an utterance which is to be interpreted as a group. Edge marking tones boundary tones and phrase tones. The intonational categories which you will likely find most intuitive are the ones which are used to mark edges. One reason for this, I believe, is that the English orthography actually writes some of these differences. For example, consider the following pair of sentences. 1) This is a test sentence. 2) This is a test sentence? If you convert these into speech (by reading them out loud), you will note a very salient difference in the pitch contour at the end. In 1) the pitch falls throughout the last word, often ending with a little bit of creaky voice, while in 2) the pitch rises throughout the last word, perhaps ending higher than anywhere else in the entire sentence. Such differences in pitch pattern reflect discourse-related differences such as is captured by the use of the question mark in 2). At a full stop, our system indicates the possibility of four different contours, the two which appear in likely renditions of 1) and 2), and two more, one which you will likely produce in the non-final members of a slowly rendered list, and one which you might produce when calling someone in for dinner. In the transcription system, you will see these represented in the following way (more or less). The fall in 1) is low throughout, and so is indicated as LL% (two lows with the % indicating the final boundary). The rise in 2) is high throughout, with a very brief rise to a super-high at the end, and so is indicated as HH% (two highs). The so-called list boundary starts low and rises slightly at the end, and so is indicated as LH%. The last one which appears in calling chants is basically high throughout, and differs from the HH% (question marker) in that it does not rise to a super high. Thus, since it is high to start with, it starts with a H, and since it is not as high as the super high at the end, it is relatively low, and so is indicated with a L%. This makes for a neat 4-way distinction as below, given with stereotypical examples of places where you might find them. (Note these are not the only places you will find them!) LL% Terminal fall statements. HH% High plateau with upped high at end covert questions. LH% Low plateau with little rise at end internal to lists. HL% High plateau with no rise to a super-high end of calling chants Head marking tones pitch accents. If you go back and reproduce the items in 1) and 2) again, and this time concentrate on the area aroundtest, you will very likely notice a large difference in pitch pattern in this region in addition to what is going on at the end. The wordtest is a critical portion of the utterance in most prosodic analyses of English, because it is the last item which bears some degree of stress, usually called tonic or sentence stress. I chose this sentence because the words test sentence form a compound, and one of the peculiarities of English compounds is that they are most stressed on the first half. Thus,test is the most stressed syllable in the last content word in the sentence. In stressed locations such as this, English speakers also implement tonal events. Such events are often called pitch accents,, pitch because they involve parts of the pitch pattern, and accents because they are involved in making a particular syllable more prominent. Stressing this syllable makes it stand out from its neighbors. Thus, the tonal events ontest are head-marking events. Here, like the boundary tones just discussed, there are tonal differences associated with different discourse conditions. In 1) you very likely will produce the stressed item with a high pitch somewhere on it, while in 2) you very likely will produce the stressed item with a relatively low pitch. Thus, the difference between vanilla statements and covert questions is not only in the presence of LL% boundary tones in one and in HH% boundary tones in the other, but also in the presence of a H accent in one, but a L accent in the other. Since there is a categorical difference in how you use pitch to stress the tonic item, you need to have a categorical difference between H* and L* accents. (The star here indicates that the tone is associated with the stressed syllable.) In addition to using relatively high and low pitch, there are more complicated rising and falling pitch accents which differ from the simple low and high accents in what they indicate. Our system captures these differences in the local use of pitch in the accent by combining Hs and Ls in various ways to get rises and falls. Thus, in addition to H* which indicates a generally high pitch around the stress and L* which indicates a generally low pitch around the stress, we can also have H+Ls (falling accents), and L+Hs (rising accents). To illustrate the difference between a simple H and a L+H, consider the following two conditions: 3)We will be having you read bunches of utterances for some obscure reason related to why anyone would be interested in linguistics. The first is a test sentence. Its just there for practice. 4)The first is not a real sentence, the first is a test sentence. In producing test sentence in 3), it is likely there will not be an appreciable rise in pitch, while in 4), where it explicitly contrasts with the precedingreal, it is likely that there will be an appreciable rise in pitch from the is a tot est. In fact, it is a general property of contrasting items that they get rendered with a relatively low pitch on the material preceding the stressed item and a sudden rise to a peak on the stressed syllable. If you read over 4) several times, emphasizing the contrast more and more each time, this rising pitch event associated witht est will become more and more apparent.. In 4) the rising accent is seen in the relationship in pitch between the items immediately preceding the stressed syllable and the pitch on the stressed syllable itself. However, there are other examples of rising pitch accents in which the low pitch predominates in the stressed syllable, and the high does not become realized until very late in the syllable or in the following s yllables. Pierrehumbert Hirschberg (1991) discuss fairly clear examples of this accent such as the following: 5) A: Alans such a klutz. B: Hes a good badminton player. Here the intended meaning of the second response is that B is not sure that playing badminton qualifies one as not being a klutz. In the intended rendition there is a low pitch onbad and a rising pitch on the immediately following syllable, and then another fall to a general low ending in LH% phrase tones. Another example they discuss is the following: 6) A: Did you take out the garbage? B: Sort of. A: Sort of!?! Here, the intended rendition of Sort of starts low inso rt and rises, and then falls and rises again at the end. The intended meaning is very much like that in 5), namely, B is not really sure what she did counts as taking out the garbage. As rendition ofsort of in the last line has exactly the same pattern as Bs, a rise throughsort followed by a fall and a rise at the end, though the rises and falls are more exaggerated. Whats important in each of these cases,badminton in 5), and both sort ofs in 6), is that the stressed syllable exhibits a distinctly low pitch and the rise which comes much later than the rise in 4). In order to annotate this difference, Pierrehumbert used the * to indicate which part of the contour is to be associated with the stressed syllable. Thus, the contour in 4) is annotated as a L+H*, since the H part appears on the stressed syllable, and the L part simply comes some time before it. By contrast, the contour in 5) and 6) is annotated as a L*+H, since the L part happens on the stressed syllable, and the H part appears some time thereafter. Pitch Range. : One final aspect of intonational modeling must also be mentioned, that is the notion of pitch range. As I noted above, the tone category sequences do not all by themselves determine the pitch contour for an utterance, but other non-linguistic (non- conventionalized) factors also affect the final realization of pitch. One approach to handling these less conventionalized effects, such as what may be due to emotional involvement, is to allow for modulation of the overall range of the pitch movements. The general approach used in most models is to specify a pitch window, which indicates the range of pitch to be used at any given time. The top of the window is where you find the Hs and the bottom of the window is where you find the Ls. This window can be affected by a number of different factors, which work in different ways. Some factors are global in that they typically affect a large portion of speech. Take, for instance, the effects of emotional involvement. When people get irate, the re is a strong likelihood that the both Hs and Ls will be higher, and that the difference between the Hs and Ls will be bigger. This larger and higher window will often affect entire sentences. You will also likely find such global shifts in window size if you examine how people do narratives which include parentheticals and quotations. Parentheticals often are rendered with a narrower window, while quotes often involve a larger window. Other factors which affect pitch range can be localized to one particular location in the utterance. The most commented upon is the effect of downstep (sometimes called catathesis). Downstep is a very regular lowering and narrowing of the pitch range which happens in the presence of the accents. In Pierrehumberts analysis, any tone which is composed of two tones (the rising L+H and falling H+L accents) also trigger downstep. You can easily imagine this effect in an emphatic rendition of the following sentence. 7)I dont want horses and dogs; I want sheep and cats. If you are contrasting horses with sheep and dogs with cats, you will very likely produce this sentence with L+H accents on all four items (probably L*+H onhorses anddogs, and L+H* onsheep andcat s). If you do so, you will also notice that the second item in each list,dogs andcat s, will both be lower in pitch than the first,horse s, andsheep. This conventionalized lowering is taken to be due to the downstepping effect of the complex rising accents. One can also see this conventionalized downstepping very clearly in phrases with multiple accents rendered in a finger-wagging lecturing style where the clear intent of the style is to indicate that you should know this by now. For example, 8) You just dont seem to get it. Insert tab A into slot B. Repeat it four times. In this situation, the rendition of the last two sentences, which we can assume have been rendered several times before in the extended discourse, will likely not exhibit huge rising or falling accents. Nevertheless, I have heard this sort sentence produced with clear downsteps between each accent. Due to sentences like these, one must conclude that the occurrence of downstep does not necessarily demand the obvious existence of rising or falling accents. In Pierrehumberts analysis, this is due to the H*+L tone category which is locally the same as a plain H*, except that it triggers the lecturing downstep effect. In other systems, such as the ToBI revision, this downstepping is marked with an explicit marker (an exclamation point placed before the affected accent.

Essay on Theism versus Atheism in Catch-22 -- Catch-22 Essays

Theism versus Atheism in Catch-22  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Joseph Heller's novel Catch-22 deals with many issues that mankind is prone to deal with. One issue that is raised is the subject of theism versus atheism.   This argument is manifested in a dialogue, approximately two pages in length, between Yossarian, the main character, and Lieutenant Scheisskopf's wife. In this particular scene, Yossarian and the lieutenant's wife are debating the existence of G-d, presumably in the Judeo-Christian sense. The scene begins with each character introduced as an atheist, although the degeneration of the argument eventually proves somewhat otherwise. Yossarian is portrayed as a character in a perpetually negative mindset; he is invariably bitter and jaded, particularly because he has been forced to fight in World War II. Yossarian's experiences have led him to expect the worst from life, and to disbelieve in a g-d that causes such things as tooth decay and pain. The reader knows very little about Lieutenant Scheisskopf's wife, aside from her sexual escapades with the soldiers serving under her husband. Nevertheless, she seems to be under the impression that there are things in life to be grateful for under any circumstances. Yossarian attempts to prove his point through a long-winded and rather humorous speech about G-d being a bumbling fool who "robbed old people of the power to control their bowel movements" (189). While Yossarian raises a valid question against the existence of G-d, the fact that he debates the existence of G-d at all and speaks as though G-d exists provides the loophole necessary for this G-d to be a Catch-22.      Taken into consideration without the idea of Catch-22, the singular flaw in Yossarian's argument is that h... ... point of silliness) directly opposite a serious point in order to make the point more obvious. The fact that Heller chose religion as a subject to tackle shows great strength, particularly considering that Catch-22 was originally written in the late 1950s - a time in which the concept free-thinking was still in its infancy. The method of satire as a means of attacking an issue provides an effective outlet for the expression of ideas while maintaining a light overtone as a defense against retaliation. The scene pertaining to the atheism debate was both amusing and thought provoking, a task difficult to overcome.    Works Cited:    Heller, Joseph. The Chelsea House Library of Literary Criticism. Twentieth-Century American Literature Vol. 3. New York. Chelsea House Publishers, 1986.    Heller, Joseph. Catch-22. New York: Dell Publishing, 1991

Heart of varkness Essay

   The second statement, ‘bearers of spark from the sacred fire’, however, clearly represents how the British brought Christianity and God from Britain to the people of Africa. Conrad also implements the use of bathos, undermining the rest of the paragraph, which is very jingoistic, all about the greatness of the empire. The bathos of which I am referring to is ‘The dreams of men, the seed of commonwealths, the germs of empires. ‘ The use of the word ‘germs’ is very negative, and, in a way, ‘cancels out’ all of the writing before. The next section of the novel that I wish to examine is known as the ‘Grove of Death’. It is a description of Marlow’s initial impressions and observations of the Outer Station, and all the slave labour going on. As he sees the land around him, he notices many ‘mounds of turned up earth’, and ‘wastes of excavations’, he speaks of the land as if it has been ‘raped’ of all its resources, and left as a barren wasteland. His first impressions of the African slave workers seems racist, as he compares there black, naked bodies to ants, however, it is more likely that this is just a reference to the futility and uselessness of the work that is going on. His next observation is a boiler, and an undersized railway-truck. He describes them as ‘dead’ like the ‘carcass of some animal’. There are several interpretations for this scene. One is that he has ‘personified’ the machinery, giving them similar qualities to the slaves, describing the machinery as though it has been allowed to rest, and have its job taken over by slaves. Another interpretation is that the machinery is a symbol for the empire, as the machinery is slowly decaying and rusting, the empire is also declining. Another reference to the futility of this work appears a few lines down. ‘The cliff was not in the way or anything; but this objectless blasting was all the work going on’. It is as if the slaves have just been given something to do, to keep them from sitting around. As Marlow walks further on, he sees a guard carrying a gun, and wearing a ‘jacket with one button of’. This is a very deliberate observation, though the empire seems perfect from the outside, it has imperfections. On seeing Marlow, the guard raises his gun, and tries to see who Marlow is; Marlow is sarcastic at this point, joking about how white men all look the same at a distance, referring to how black people all look the same to him from a distance. As the guard recognises Marlow and smiles, there is more sarcasm from Marlow, describing the guards trust as being ‘exalted’, and describing himself as being a ‘part of the great cause of these high and just proceedings’. Marlow then descends down the hill, towards some trees. At this point, Marlow starts commenting some more on his pity for the slaves, and the pointlessness of the work going on. The first technique used to relay this to us is Conrad’s use of short sentences, like we are part of Marlow’s thought process. His first thoughts are about how futile and pointless all the work that is going on is. He describes one of the pits that has been dug, as ‘just a hole’. As he goes towards the trees for shade, he instantly regrets it, making a direct reference to ‘Dante’s Inferno’. Dante’s Inferno is one perception of what hell would be like. His vision of hell consists of seven rings, each ring containing people who have sinned a particular way, with the rings varying degrees of punishment. He looks around, noticing the slaves, ‘objectifying’ them as ‘black shapes’. He makes an ironic comment, calling the slaves ‘helpers’ and stating how they have ‘withdrawn to die’. He talks about how they have been abandoned in a very understating way. There is another reference to Dante’s Inferno here, as he notices the ‘black shadows of disease and starvation’. Marlow then leaves the trees, but looks down to see a black slave, who has a white thread around his neck. He is startled at how strange and out of place it looks on the black skin. This is symbolic of the white men of the empire being out of place in Africa. To conclude, the ‘Heart of Darkness’ within the play refers to the inner capability to commit evil acts in all men, and the evil of the empire underneath the front of ‘spreading civilisation and the light of Christianity’. The two sections of the novel which I have chosen to examine are full of symbolic imagery, referring to the title, and raising questions in the readers mind about the greatness of Britain. Page 1 of 3 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Joseph Conrad section.

The 1970s vs. 2000s

Many studies have proven that people perceive the world with 80 milliseconds of delay, which means that we live 80 milliseconds behind reality; this is because there is some transfer time from our senses to our brain (Meyers 7). The distance between the generations have different historical experiences, reactions of later generations about democracy, economics, music, fashion, as the revolutions were taking in all aspects. The differences between generations have their own importance; however, we can compare and contrast them, between 1970s and 2000s in three aspects : music, trends and technology. In the 1970s, people enjoyed music by radio, tapes, live concerts and brought vinyl records, whereas in the 2000s through software such as Spotify and Itunes are used, Youtube allows audiences to access a wide range of music from different genres and downloading music from online. On the other hand, in the1970s music was marketed by way of the artist gigs being advertised in newspapers, the band would play live on music programs and also touring was a primary means of promotion, while in the 2000s some artists give away free mix tapes, TV adverts and online web pages (Rodriguez 94). As examples of artists belonging to the 1970s can appoint: Bee Gees, Elton John and ABBA; in contrast, in the 2000s can mention: Colplay, Beyonce and Britney Spears. In addition to the music, a difference that marked between these two decades have been the trends. Fashion in the clothing of 1970s, the ideal was not to show the female attributes or curves, but on the contrary seem delegated nymphs showing their side children as a game of seduction compared with 2000s it's put it that makes you feel comfortable, without giving much importance to the opinions of others or trends; so, casual clothes became fashion. On the other hand, the accessories in 1970s that stood out were sunglasses with very large lenses frames typically yellow, blue or purple, large earrings and showy necklaces compared to 2000s that it used handbags, shoes and watches of well known brands (Benaim 98). The symbol of the 1970s was flowers and prints; however, in 2000s was scarves and handkerchiefs. Thus, how trends marked difference between these two decades, the technology also made it. In the 1970s people used music players as cassette, tape recorder and record player; in contrast in 2000s people used walkman, discman and mp3 player. The only brand of cell phone that was highlighted in the 1970s was the Motorola DynaTAC 8000 X; on the contrary, in 2000s there were some brands such as: Motorola with touch technology and sonic Ericson with the â€Å"Smartphone†. Car types in 1970 was very limited with vehicles such as: Fiat Coupe 1500, Gordini and Peugeot 404 Gran Prix le mans, while in 2000s automotive technology was opening field in many countries with new deployments such as: Fiat Palio, Volkswagen Gol G3 and Citroen Xsara 1. I Sx Full (Hernandez 66). All in all, the differences between these two decades have been important to the advances of the present; music, trends and technology have been progressing and taking new directions, propose an active relationship between the subject that is the history, the past and the world in which we live. If the present has primacy over the past it is because only the present imposes and allows you to change the world.

Essay about Fast Food

Essay about Fast Food Essay about Fast Food Asthma, eczema and hay fever may be linked to fast food[-0] Teenagers and young children who eat fast food could be increasing their risk of developing asthma, eczema and hay fever[-1], according to a study published Monday in the British Medical Journal's respiratory journal Thorax[-2]. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood [-3](ISAAC) study used written questionnaires completed by 319,196 13- and 14-year-olds from 51 countries and by the parents of 181,631 6- and 7-year-olds in 31 countries. They were asked if they had symptoms of the three conditions and about their weekly diet - including the types of foods they ate over the last year, and how often. "We found clear associations between certain foods and severe asthma, hay fever (or allergic rhinoconjunctivitis) and eczema [-4]in the largest study of allergies in children (aged 6-7 years) and adolescents (13-14 years) to date," said study author Hywel Williams of the Centre for Evidence Based Dermatology[-5], Queen's Medical Centre, University Hospital, Nottingham, UK. According to Williams, the associations between allergic diseases and fast food were "only really convincing for severe disease." Researchers saw a protective effect against severe asthma for those who ate fruit at least three times a week. Those consuming fast food three or more times a week had about a 30% increased risk of severe asthma, hay fever and eczema, a chronic skin condition that causes scaly, itchy rashes. The results were consistent in both age groups. Affluence and gender did not change or affect the outcome. "The cautionary notes are that this study showed an association, which does not always mean that the link between food and allergies is causal," Williams said. "It could be due to other factors linked to behavior that we have not measured, or it could be due to biases that occur in studies that measure disease and ask about previous food intake." Study authors say if further research shows that consuming a lot of fast food actually does cause these types of allergies, it could have major public health implications because of the rise in fast food consumption globally. "It's not at all surprising to me that a disease as complex as asthma would be directly affected by diet. We've known for a while that diet can affect immune system function with certain foods being pro or anti-inflammatory," says Dr. Stephen Teach, who is the chief of the Division of Allergy and Immunology at Children's National Medical

The Possible Careers For An ENFP Personality Type Essays

The Possible Careers For An ENFP Personality Type Essays The Possible Careers For An ENFP Personality Type Paper The Possible Careers For An ENFP Personality Type Paper Carl Jung, one of the most renowned psychiatrists in history and founder of analytical psychology, introduced the personality typology. According to Dr. C. George Boeree’s (2006) brief biography of Carl Jung, â€Å"Jung developed a personality typology that has become so popular that some people dont realize he did anything else. It begins with the distinction between introversion and extroversion† (n.p.). Boeree (2006) also discussed in his article the four functions that Jung believed are people’s preferences in dealing with the inner and outer world. These are sensing, thinking, intuiting, and feeling. These functions were developed later on by Katherine Briggs and Isabel Myers. In the book of Esther Cameron and Mike Green (2004), the authors described the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) as follows: The most effective tool for identifying personality type is the Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). This is a personality inventory developed by Katherine Briggs and her daughter Isabel Myers. The MBTI is based on the work of the Swiss analytical psychologist Carl Jung. The MBTI identifies eight different personality ‘preferences’ that we all use at different time- but each individual will have a preference for one particular combination over the others (pp. 43–44). These are the 16 personality types as enumerated by Myers and Briggs: ENFP, INFP, ENFJ, INFJ, ESTJ, ISTJ, ESFJ, ISFJ, ENTP, INTP, ENTJ, INTJ, ESTP, ISTP, ESFP, and ISFP (cited in Cameron Green, 2004). Each letter stands for the eight different personality ‘preferences’ which are: E-Extraverted I-Introverted, N-iNtuitive, S-Sensing, F-Feeling, T-Thinking, P-Perceiving and J-Judging (Cameron Green, 2004). As for my Jungian self-assessment result, I turned out to have an ENFP personality type. It stands for Extraverted iNtuitive Feeling Perceiving. According to Joe Butt’s (2005) functional analysis of an ENFP’s personality type, The physical world, both geos and kosmos, is the ENFPs primary source of information. Rather than sensing things as they are, dominant intuition is sensitive to things as they might be. These extraverted intuitives are most adept with patterns and connections. Their natural inclination is toward relationships, especially among people or living things (n.p.). Butt (2005) also pointed out one colleague of his as someone with, â€Å"such tremendous interpersonal skills that she put her interviewers at ease during her own job interview. She had the ability to make strangers feel like old friends† (n.p.). This description actually earned a nod in terms of relating it to how I view myself. I like having people around me, and likewise, I also enjoy being around people. I enjoy communicating with them and building friendships. This is absolutely one of the primary reasons why I initially intend to pursue a master’s degree in business administration (MBA). I know that having the skills naturally would not be enough to be successful in something that I am comfortable in doing. To better provide a visual of my type of personality, here are some common ENFP descriptions from The Sixteen Personality Types by Linda Berens and Dario Nardi (1999): Theme is inspiration, both of themselves and others. Talents lie in grasping profound significance, revealing truths, and motivating others. Very perceptive of others’ hidden motives and purposes. Interested in everything about individuals and their stories as long as they are genuine. Contagious enthusiasm for â€Å"causes† that further good and develop latent potential and the same zeal for disclosing dishonesty and inauthencity. Frequently moved to enthusiastically communicate their â€Å"message† (p. 40). These personal findings definitely validate the reasons for my life and career decisions. I am indeed a very sociable person, and I tend to find more consolation by being focused on the outer world. This is the reason why I would like to pursue my studies so I can further my career in people-oriented type of jobs. Nevertheless, it is also possible that some of the descriptions might not match the way I see myself, or most probably, I am not aware yet that I possess them. Remembering the Johari Window, where the 2nd quadrant encloses the things that others know about me but I am unaware of, I realized that some of the descriptions on the ENFP personality can be considered as â€Å"things that I am not aware that I have.† It is also rather interesting that there are famous ENFP personalities according to Butt (2005), including â€Å"Meg Ryan (When Harry Met Sally), Robin Williams (Dead Poets Society, Mrs. Doubtfire), Sandra Bullock (Speed, While You Were Sleeping), Robert Downey (Heart and Souls), [and] Alicia Silverstone (Clueless)† (n.p.). These personalities have a common interest- acting. Acting specifically deals with entertaining people, which justifies the research conducted about ENFPs as being oriented with the outer world. As an ENFP type, it is safe to conclude that my interest would also be related to this field, which is unquestionably correct. The question is: What pushes me into pursuing an MBA? Honestly, it is because of the fulfillment that it brings me. I am technically new to the 16 personality types, so it is quite hard to pinpoint the motivation that I have for my decision which is also relative to my ENFP personality. Fortunately, I was able to come across one of the closest ENFP description to my personality. For ENFPs the dominant quality in their lives is their attention to the outer world of possibilities; they are excited by continuous involvement in anything new, whether it be new ideas, new people, or new activities. Though ENFPs thrive on what is possible and what is new, they also experience a deep concern for people as well. Thus, they are especially interested in possibilities for people. ENFPs are typically energetic, enthusiastic people who lead spontaneous and adaptable lives (Martin, 2008, n.p.). Apparently, one of the primary motivations here would be the involvement to something new. The enthusiasm of people with an ENFP personality guides them into taking new heights and turns along their life journey. New things excite and trigger their thirst for adventure. No matter where their personality leads them, whether interesting or not, they decide in accordance to their courage and hunger for quest. The 16 personality types are effective in discovering the reasons behind people’s decisions. Although it does not promise accuracy, it is with no question that knowing one’s type of personality is necessary in helping someone understand him- or herself more. nbsp; References Berens, L. V.   Nardi, D. (1999). The Sixteen Personality Types: Descriptions for Self-Discovery. California: Telos Publications. Boeree, C. G. (2006). Carl Jung. Personality Theories. Retrieved October 6, 2008 from http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/jung.html Cameron, E. Green, M. (2004). Making Sense of Change Management: A Complete Guide to the Models, Tools Techniques of Organizational Change. London: Kogan Page Publishers Butt, J. (2005, February 25). Extraverted intuitive feeling perceiving. TypeLogic. Retrieved October 6, 2008 http://typelogic.com/enfp.html Martin, C. (2008). The sixteen types at a glance. Center for Applications of Psychological Type. Retrieved October 6, 2008 from capt.org/mbti-assessment/type-descriptions.htm nbsp;

Business Organisational Strategy for Adelaide -

13Cabs is the taxi network service provider that operates in different regions of Australia like Hobart, Adelaide, Sydney, Newcastle and Melbourne. 13Cabs is owned by Cabcharge that operates about 7, 400 taxis throughout Australia (13cabs.com.au. 2017). The service is operated using the cab apps available in various app stores. The cab facility service has chosen the right technology in order to carry out their business they use apps to connect with the customers. The black taxis under this organisation are well known for the service provided by 13 Cabs. 13 Cabs app is the most popular Australian taxi app that has connected the largest fleet of cabs around the different regions of Australia anywhere and anytime (13cabs.com.au. 2017). 13Cabs has also won the Monash Business Awards that shows the efficiency in their business. The customer care service is always available and any smart phone user can easily get access to the service of the taxi apps. The customer service is always available and the company is well known for the service that it provides. The cabs are grouped together by the means of apps and mobile systems in order to create a large segment of taxis. The customers from the segments like Sydney, Melbourne and other regions fall under the customer segments of the cab service (13cabs.com.au. 2017). The channels used for the purpose of connecting with the customers are through the web and any apps available in android or apple phones. The key partners of 13 Cabs are ABC Taxis, Black Cabs Combined Pty Ltd, Yellow Cabs, Maxi Taxis and others (13cabs.com.au. 2017). The cab service maintains and develops the market based on ride sharing activities. The service is available in the inner city and for long journeys as well. The idea is to share the rides of the taxi among the users in order to avoid the higher rates to be paid by the consumers. The key resources are the IT platform or the software that is used for carrying out the business activity (13cabs.com.au. 2017). The idea is to utilise these resources in order to attract more consumers in the market. The company operates in more than 76 locations and has huge fleet of drivers. The cost structure is depended on the employees and the partnership that the company has to maintain with others. The fixed costs include the rent and the utilities and other costs needed for the marketing and partnership activities of the organisation. The current revenue of the company is 121, 000 AUD (13cabs.com.au. 2017). Overall comment on strategic business: The business model used by the organisation is to create a wide network that would attract the maximum number of passengers or customers (Yellowadelaide.com.au. 2017). This would definitely add to the profitability of the business. However, the business model does not consider other aspects of the business like sustainability and competitive measures to improve business activities. Environmental sustainability could be the most challenging issue faced by 13Cabs in the near future. It has been evident that greater approaches have been made towards improving the business activities that it would not cause harm to the environment. There have been no such implications in the business strategies of 13 Cabs that would support sustainability of the business and so this is the upcoming challenge faced by the organisation. The organisation needs to support the sustainability approach in the coming 3-10 years of its business. 13cabs.com.au. (2017).  13 Cabs. [online] ProductReview.com.au. Available at: https://www.productreview.com.au/p/13-cabs.html [Accessed 29 Aug. 2017]. 13cabs.com.au. (2017).  13CABS App @ 13CABS. [online] Available at: https://www.13cabs.com.au/IphoneApp [Accessed 29 Aug. 2017]. 3cabs.com.au. (2017).  Taxi Cab Service @ 13CABS. [online] Available at: https://www.13cabs.com.au/ [Accessed 29 Aug. 2017]. Yellowadelaide.com.au. (2017).  13CABS Adelaide. [online] Available at: https://www.yellowadelaide.com.au/ [Accessed 29 Aug. 2017].

Analysis of the Effect of the Recession on Hypermarket Retailing Essay

Analysis of the Effect of the Recession on Hypermarket Retailing Industry in Brazil - Essay Example The economic reviews of Brazil’s retail industry out that the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) rates are cumulatively increasing year by year. The practice of consolidation of the hypermarket retail industry has been continuing but in general, the hypermarket remains comparatively fragmented, representing substantial span for the big players to develop their market strength in future. The leading 3 market players are controlling the hypermarket retail industry in Brazil; they are Pao de Acucar, Carrefour, and Wal-Mart. Other players are leading through acquisition. The recession affects the revenue of sales and the decline of the profit in the retail industry, Recession is defined as "a significant decline in economic activity spread across the economy, lasting more than a few months, normally visible in real gross domestic product (GDP), real income, employment, industrial production and wholesale-retail sales" (What causes a recession? 2012). In this study, the recession affects the business of hypermarket retailing industry. Recession affects various aspects of business such as the purchasing power of consumers, buying behavior, and the income disposable level of people has increased significantly. There are many other factors that contribute to the fall in economy's into a recession, but inflation is the major reason for recession. â€Å"Inflation is defined as a sustained increase in the general level of prices for goods and services† (All about Inflation 2012). Inflation indicates the general increase in the price of products and services over time period. The rate of inflation is higher; the consumers purchase lower percentage goods and services with the same price. The time of recession affects the hypermarket industry in Brazil; the major players of hypermarket industry in Brazil are Pao de Acucar, Carrefour and Wal-Mart. Recession mainly affects these companies because they are retail stores. â€Å"The ec onomic crisis makes low-price concepts particularly adapted, and all three international retailers can potentially benefit from this trend. Expansion in Brazil is still ongoing and a strategic focus for all three groups† (Carrefour, Casino and Wal-Mart’s Expansion Strategies in Latin America 2012). Hypermarkets provide durable and non-durable goods. The retail industry of Brazil is segmented in three parts, they are Grocery Retail Non-Grocery Retail Non-Store retail These three categories are the main drivers of Brazil’s retail industry. The retailing of grocery is at a constant growth, and has gained its sustainability to the growing people who belong to low income group. The hypermarkets and large retailers are focusing on grocery, and also investing on the non-grocery items such as foot wears, fashion clothing, and sundries. The retailer’s Wallmart and Carrefour focus on developing personal labels for their own clothing brands and footwear. The Recessio n Impact of Retail Industry: â€Å"A recession normally takes place when consumers lose confidence in the growth of the economy and spend less, this leads to a decreased demand for goods and services, which in turn leads to a decrease in production, lay-offs and a sharp rise in unemployment† (Malik & Pandit 2012). The impact of recession in retail industry will decrease the proper demand and also enforces stress on the prices, and leads to the absence of price-war in the retail market. To keep the consumers, the

Compare and contrast two companies that have adopted differing Essay

Compare and contrast two companies that have adopted differing approaches to generating and implementing innovation. Consider su - Essay Example The need for innovation has been necessitated by the recognition by companies that efficiency and world-class operational performance are important in the creation of a competitive advantage in today’s challenging global market. Innovation is highly dependent on the corporate culture, the people involved in innovating in the business or the company and must be under a proper management, and a program for improvement at all times (Herzog, 2011, p. 91). As businesses and companies have recognized the fact that structured innovation and management is important, they make efforts to get the most from their people, customers and partners in the achievement of their business goals. Improving innovation mostly starts with strategy that must address culture, processes and technology that works in the most reliable and affordable way. Innovation framework includes best practices and solutions that must have techniques that improve innovation and its management. Innovation approaches by organisations Different companies adopt different approaches to innovation and this determines their success and the overall nature of the goods they introduce to the market. It is the ability of an organisation to develop wining ideas that provides the momentum for growth and expansion in the current competitive market. Thus, every company is unique based on its own understanding of innovation and the framework its employs in motivating internal innovation and discoveries. In this paper, the innovation frameworks that have been adopted by two key computer companies in the United States will be analysed in this paper. In this analysis, the different approaches to innovation adopted by the two companies and how each affected the performance of the each company will be discussed. Innovative approaches differ depending on an organisation and their ultimate organisation structure and culture. Some organisations integrate innovation as a strategic organisational policy that is implement ed from the top management level to the lowest employees within the organisation. In such setups, innovation is not left to a few people within the organisation but is the responsibility of all the employees at different levels in the company (Kolah, 2003). There are four fundamental components of innovation include co-operation amongst all stakeholders in the business or company, ideation that means the conception and application of ideas, and execution and creation of value for the products of the business. Collaboration is simply teamwork that makes it essential to getting things done and involves the three basic concepts of relationships, processes and outcomes that may result into successes in the development of the business in line with its objectives and missions. Ideation on the other hand is based on fresh new ideas that are important in helping the business or the organization stand out amongst its peers. Implementation involves the organizations engaging the best human re source to help in putting the ideas and make them move forward. Value creation is important in that the ideas implemented must aim at creating value to those concerned with the business or in simple terms create business value. It is the incremental improvements to the products that exist or the creation of new

Sex and gender are both social constructions. Discuss Essay

Sex and gender are both social constructions. Discuss - Essay Example To achieve this, people invest the item with value, which every person acknowledge (therefore acting as though it has significance), and this explains people’s practices where money is concerned. However, currency is not just a thing, which occurs autonomously of human doings in the real world. In consequence, money is a social construction and a concept. It is incredibly real - calling money a social construct does not make it non-existent or imaginary. Nevertheless, its actuality is reliant on our ethnicity practices as well as our culture. This denotes that its classification, meaning, use and value are completely contingent on ethnicity. This paper will discuss sex and gender as social constructions. As society’s culture transmutes, so do their constructs. Certain constructs develop and then plunge into abandonment, and therefore, grow out of subsistence. Others remain; however, they vary from one civilization and historical episode to another. Sex and gender are su ch constructs. The behaviours and traits, which are believed to be feminine and masculine, differ vividly from one ethnicity and time interlude to another. Suitable ways of conduct oneself, the labour, which is allotted to gender sets, beliefs concerning natural talents and predispositions change drastically (Butler 2008). In addition, this adaptation and variation to circumstances, as well as social pressures underpins the notion that gender and sex are social constructions instead of some kind of essence, which begins from biology. Since if gender were shaped through physical sex, it would never change in this manner, but would be constant, simply as other naturally determined traits remain constant. Hence, gender differs with cultural transformation (Butler 2008). Gender is designated at birth rendering to bodily sex. Medical specialists inspect the infant's genitals and proclaim that the infant is a girl or a boy (except in the case where the new-born is intersex, where much eff ort is made to compel the kid into one faction or another). At that moment, the work inaugurates to fraternise the kid and impart the script, which matches with the gender that they have been allocated. In addition, most of people become pretty good on performing the fitting script. People learn which sentiments they are expected to exhibit, which undertakings they are expected to relish and shine at, as well as which ones they are expected to avoid. People also learn how to converse with one another, how to control their body language, and which type of hobbies and work they are expected to pursue. For many people it is not an appropriate fit, but people manage, or they learn ways of making those qualities about themselves, which do not match the script less visible. Nevertheless, for some people, it feels erroneous enough that they cannot just fit. For gender queer and trans gender,an individual, acting the new script or even an altered script completely, is the lone technique to render life liveable (Jackson, Steve & Sue 2006). Therefore, this description provokes a few queries such as why there exist only and why people require these scripts. People require the scripts as well as the evidently delineated categorical differences, because people cannot design hierarchy without variance. Hierarchy hinges on difference, therefore, people pick some physical

Ethnocentrism within the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethnocentrism within the United States - Essay Example One of the thriving industries is the weight lose industry. In other parts of the world, someone overweight is considered to be wealthy and prosperous, yet American media is filled with images and examples that show being over weight as a bad thing (Ankerl, 2000). American media is viewed as demonizing to other cultures that are not American, in American movies the bad guys always seem to be related to current issues. In 1980s the bad guy would be a Russian because of the cold war. Presently the bad guy seems to be a Muslim due to terrorism. Immigrants get shocked at the amount of violence and sex exposed on television when they move to America. The dressing system in America is very different from other culture especially the Islamic culture. Muslim women dress in a fashion that would cover most parts of their bodies with just the eyes left visible at times. This diversity contrasts with the American way that allows women to dress as they like. While Americans feel the other way of dressing is strange, the other group feels the American way is provocative (turntoislam.com, 2010). For a multicultural society in American, ethnocentrism is a great hindrance. It makes those feeling superior to think their way of things is always right and not giving other room to have their say. This makes the minority have a hard time trying to embrace a multicultural identity especially among immigrants. Turntoislam (2010). Ethnocentrism in America and random thoughts. Retrieved April 25, 2014 from

Personal statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 7

Personal statement - Essay Example The future belongs to mobile devices and wireless network technologies, the earlier we equip ourselves for future, the better. My experience so far has taught me that everything is interconnected; there is no more the time of specialization. What I mean from this argument is that Steve Jobs studied calligraphy when he had no idea that he would be using his calligraphy in programming languages, there was something about the mathematics and the geometry of it that helped Jobs incorporate it in his computer topology and he admits that without that necessary knowledge he would not have been able to write operating systems in his own company NeXT. I have always been curious about how to relate operating systems (the software) with the hardware, there is something that captivates me how the software, an intangible thing, can run a hardware, much like the soul operating the human body. Learning should be easy when taught in a meaningful and productive way, plus when there are aspirations and expectations after the study program that one will be able to pursue his or her life passion without worrying about finances; this is nothing short of a blessing. I want to build a career in Networking and want to become a part of a well-known tech company like Google, Apple or Xbox. And for that I need my subjects carefully added to my curriculum vita so that my portfolio becomes hard to ignore for these companies. I have chosen this subject because at Birmingham City University, embedded systems and well equipped laboratories are used to create real-time systems, this includes specialist hardware training. It is required that development software and programmes should be updated, because each day the tech industry is becoming more and more competitive. Industry-standard software development and simulation tools are necessary for this type of knowledge, old programming knowledge is no good and when one desires a job in popular software companies then one needs to be on top

Sex and gender are both social constructions. Discuss Essay

Sex and gender are both social constructions. Discuss - Essay Example To achieve this, people invest the item with value, which every person acknowledge (therefore acting as though it has significance), and this explains people’s practices where money is concerned. However, currency is not just a thing, which occurs autonomously of human doings in the real world. In consequence, money is a social construction and a concept. It is incredibly real - calling money a social construct does not make it non-existent or imaginary. Nevertheless, its actuality is reliant on our ethnicity practices as well as our culture. This denotes that its classification, meaning, use and value are completely contingent on ethnicity. This paper will discuss sex and gender as social constructions. As society’s culture transmutes, so do their constructs. Certain constructs develop and then plunge into abandonment, and therefore, grow out of subsistence. Others remain; however, they vary from one civilization and historical episode to another. Sex and gender are su ch constructs. The behaviours and traits, which are believed to be feminine and masculine, differ vividly from one ethnicity and time interlude to another. Suitable ways of conduct oneself, the labour, which is allotted to gender sets, beliefs concerning natural talents and predispositions change drastically (Butler 2008). In addition, this adaptation and variation to circumstances, as well as social pressures underpins the notion that gender and sex are social constructions instead of some kind of essence, which begins from biology. Since if gender were shaped through physical sex, it would never change in this manner, but would be constant, simply as other naturally determined traits remain constant. Hence, gender differs with cultural transformation (Butler 2008). Gender is designated at birth rendering to bodily sex. Medical specialists inspect the infant's genitals and proclaim that the infant is a girl or a boy (except in the case where the new-born is intersex, where much eff ort is made to compel the kid into one faction or another). At that moment, the work inaugurates to fraternise the kid and impart the script, which matches with the gender that they have been allocated. In addition, most of people become pretty good on performing the fitting script. People learn which sentiments they are expected to exhibit, which undertakings they are expected to relish and shine at, as well as which ones they are expected to avoid. People also learn how to converse with one another, how to control their body language, and which type of hobbies and work they are expected to pursue. For many people it is not an appropriate fit, but people manage, or they learn ways of making those qualities about themselves, which do not match the script less visible. Nevertheless, for some people, it feels erroneous enough that they cannot just fit. For gender queer and trans gender,an individual, acting the new script or even an altered script completely, is the lone technique to render life liveable (Jackson, Steve & Sue 2006). Therefore, this description provokes a few queries such as why there exist only and why people require these scripts. People require the scripts as well as the evidently delineated categorical differences, because people cannot design hierarchy without variance. Hierarchy hinges on difference, therefore, people pick some physical

Personal statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 7

Personal statement - Essay Example The future belongs to mobile devices and wireless network technologies, the earlier we equip ourselves for future, the better. My experience so far has taught me that everything is interconnected; there is no more the time of specialization. What I mean from this argument is that Steve Jobs studied calligraphy when he had no idea that he would be using his calligraphy in programming languages, there was something about the mathematics and the geometry of it that helped Jobs incorporate it in his computer topology and he admits that without that necessary knowledge he would not have been able to write operating systems in his own company NeXT. I have always been curious about how to relate operating systems (the software) with the hardware, there is something that captivates me how the software, an intangible thing, can run a hardware, much like the soul operating the human body. Learning should be easy when taught in a meaningful and productive way, plus when there are aspirations and expectations after the study program that one will be able to pursue his or her life passion without worrying about finances; this is nothing short of a blessing. I want to build a career in Networking and want to become a part of a well-known tech company like Google, Apple or Xbox. And for that I need my subjects carefully added to my curriculum vita so that my portfolio becomes hard to ignore for these companies. I have chosen this subject because at Birmingham City University, embedded systems and well equipped laboratories are used to create real-time systems, this includes specialist hardware training. It is required that development software and programmes should be updated, because each day the tech industry is becoming more and more competitive. Industry-standard software development and simulation tools are necessary for this type of knowledge, old programming knowledge is no good and when one desires a job in popular software companies then one needs to be on top

Speech Contest Essay Example for Free

Speech Contest Essay â€Å"Peace was not made for the sake of justice, but justice for the sake of peace Martin Luther† Imagine being woken up in the middle of the night by a phone call. Imagine there’s someone on the other end telling you that they have one of your family members kidnapped. Now, what would you do? I’m guessing most of you are thinking that you would call the police. Well, in Mexico that’s something you cannot do. It’s been 5 years since the â€Å"drug war† started, and since then, there hasn’t been any justice or peace. I remember 2 years ago, on Christmas Eve, my family and I were woken up by a phone call. It was 3 in the morning, and none of us were expecting a call. My father picked up the phone, and the next thing I saw, was how pale he got. My grandpa had just called, telling my father, that my cousin had just been kidnapped. He was just 13 years old, and was on the wrong place at the wrong time. When my dad told me this, I knew that there wasn’t much to be done, besides giving the kidnappers, the money they were asking for. On the other hand, my dad thought the best idea was to go and tell the police what had happened. That same day, we went to the police station, it was only me and my dad. An officer sent us down to an office, but while we were walking there, my dad’s cellphone rang. He told me to pick it up, and I did as he told me. I answered, and a man told me to get out of the station if we didn’t want anything bad to happen to my cousin. My dad saw how I started shaking and took the phone out of my hands. He answered, and they told him the same thing as they had told me, only this time, they added that there would be someone making sure we didn’t say anything. You may be asking, how did they know that we were in the police station? That is easy to answer. In Mexico, justice and police are two things that just don’t exist anymore. In my city, Torreon, most of the police stations, are closed because they are insecure to go. Drug dealers, bought some others, making the police to be part of them. Since we don’t have police stations, we don’t have justice, and since we don’t have justice, peace is something we lack. It is so sad, knowing that the people we usually trust, turn their backs on you, just for money. It is also sad, seeing in the news, that every day there is an average of 27 dead people. For me, the saddest part, is knowing that thanks to us not having justice, my city, the city where you could be on the street as long as you wanted, was named last monday the â€Å"most insecure city of the world†.

Khadijah bint Khawailid

Khadijah bint Khawailid Khadijah bint Khawailid (may Allah be pleased with her) Introduction: Have you ever wondered about the right way of living and what may human being may do and may not? Human being can do anything they want except what Allah has prohibited them to do. The right path of living that human should adopt the Islamic principles in accordance with the Quran. The teaching of Islam illustrates the limits of humans behaviors. What is right and what is wrong that individual can do rightly. If someone decides to go beyond these principles, he will face troubles both in this world and in hereafter. Strictly, without exceptions, both men and women must follow the laws of Islam. As I looked throughout the history of people who influenced our lives variously, I decided to examine a group of women who are the Prophet Muhammads wives (may Allahs blessings and peace be upon him) due to their importance in our lives and specially women. I believe that they are the best women that have immensely lived their lives according to Islamic laws, as well as, they have accomplished greatness, mainly through their actions. They gained the pure love and ultimate respect by everyone both at their time when they were alive and also after they died; therefore, I will mainly focus on Khadijah, the daughter of Khuwaylid (the first wife of Muhammad, peace and blessings of Allah be upon them) exploring her character qualities. Background: Khadijah bint Khuwaylid (may Allah be pleased with her) was porn in the year 556 CE. She is the daughter of Khawailid bin Asad and Fatima bint Zaed. Her father was a well-known businessperson and leader in the trip of Quraish. She got married to Abu Halah Malak bin Nabash at-Tamimi and had two children named, Halah and Hind. After he passed away, she married Atiq bin ‘Aith al-Makhzoomi and had a daughter named Hindah. Their marriage did not last for a long due to incompatibility, which they divorced thereafter. Khadijah bint Khawailid (may Allah be pleased with her) ran her fathers business. Her long-term vision and intelligence accommodated her to further succeed and expand her business. She hired very skilled business people to export superior Makkan commodities to other countries, which may be as far away as Syria through them. They would, in turn, bring back commodities from these countries to Makkah, which made Makkah considered as a central trading town in Arabia. She use d to compensate her managers who forerun and lead the trading fifty percent of the profit as well as motivation and promising. When Khadijah bint Khawailid (may Allah be pleased with her) heard about the prophet Muhammad honesty and integrity (may Allahs blessings and peace be upon him), she sent him a job offer, then, he accepted the offer. In the first business trip, Khadijah bint Khawailid (may Allah be pleased with her) sent her trusted servant Maysara to associate the Prophet Muhammad (may Allahs blessings and peace be upon him). Maysara was very astonished by Prophet Muhammads behaviors, character, and qualities (may Allahs blessings and peace be upon him). On their way back, Maysara disclosed some events to Khadijah bint Khawailid (may Allah be pleased with her) that made her beyond impressed with her new manger prophet Muhammad (may Allahs blessings and peace be upon him); therefore, she was so impressed by him and considered marrying him because such principles and values were not common in all men. She decided that he would be the best of the spouses although a lot of the most well known upper clas s men of Quraish had previously proposed to her; however, she rejected all of them and proposed to the prophet Muhammad (may Allahs blessings and peace be upon him). Subsequently, Abu Talib, the Prophets uncle, had given the proposed marriage. Then, the prophet Muhammad (may Allahs blessings and peace be upon him) and Khadijah bint Khawailid (may Allah be pleased with her) got married. When the prophet Muhammad got married to Khadijah bint Khawailid (may Allah be pleased with them), he was twenty-five years old whereas she was forty years old. Qualities and Characteristics: First, Khadijah bint Khawailid (may Allah be pleased with her) had important qualities. One of which, she was a very supportive wife to her husband, the prophet Muhammad (may Allahs blessings and peace be upon him). She helped him in very difficult moments by her cheerful words, judgment, and wisdom. She was always as a good companion when the world was opposing him. She perfectly illustrated a good Muslim marriage from many different prospective. They shared everything mutually in a loving way that spouses should do to maintain ideal and easy life. She was a great supporter and partner that he could rely on in some matters. At the beginning of the prophet mission, he faced many obstacles; however, she stood next to him compassionately. When he heard any unpleasant word from people, he would return to her, and she would advise and strength him. To further demonstrate her supportive rule of the Prophet Muhammads life (may Allahs blessings and peace be upon him), he once stated that â €Å"She believed in me when people denied me, she trusted me when people belied me; she supported me with her wealth when people refused to support me and I was blessed with children by her when I was denied children by other women.† Furthermore, Khadijah bint Khawailid (may Allah be pleased with her) was devoted and dedicated wife to her husband the prophet Muhammad (may Allahs blessings and peace be upon him) and ideal mother to her children. She gave birth to most of the prophets children except Ibraaheem. Khadijah bint Khawailid (may Allah be pleased with her) bore five children. The first child, son, they had was named Qasim. He passed away at an age of two years. They also had another son named Abd-Allah who died in his infancy. Unfortunately, they both died in their early years. In addition, the prophet Muhammad and Khadijah bint Khawailid (may Allah be pleased with them) had four daughters. They fortunately survived. Ruqayya, Umm Kulthum, Zaynab, and Fatima Zahra. The prophet Muhammad (may Allahs blessings and peace be upon him) had another child, named Ibrahim, from Maria al-Qibtiyya that he married years after Khadijah bint Khawailid (may Allah be pleased with her) passed away. Khadijah bint Khawailid (may Allah be pleased with her) was fundamentally fulfilled with outstanding manners. She never argued with her husband or annoyed him. The prophet Muhammad (may Allahs blessings and peace be upon him) said: â€Å"Angel Jibreel came to me and said: ‘Give Khadijah the good tidings that she will have a palace made of hollowed pearls in Paradise and there will be neither noise nor any trouble in it.† (Al-Bukhaaree and Muslim) Moreover, Khadijah bint Khawailid (may Allah be pleased with her) was a perfect icon in her religion. She was the first person and female to convert to Muslim. She lived the righteousness, greatness, and glory. Allahs Messenger said, â€Å"Maryam [Mary, Jesus mother] was the best woman of her time, and the best woman of this Ummah is Khadijah.† (Al-Bukhaaree and Muslim) In addition, she was noble and created a noble family. She would reap the fruit of her labor. She and her daughter became the best in paradise of females; therefore, the prophet said the foregoing statement. Work Cited http://www.sharaaz.com/index.php3?menu=describetable=Bookcat=Booksid=b00074p http://www.muslimahsource.org/muslimah-ofthe-month/khadija-bint-khuwailid/

Essay --

While living in the Bay Area, I have a valuable opportunity to experience many interesting food cultures. Doing my report on cultural traditions, I am inspired to enrich my knowledge in the culture that I have little knowledge of. Through the interview presentations, personal experiences shared by students, and several suggestions of indicative foods by the instructor, I have gained interests in different food habits and food symbolisms. After doing small research on each topic to decide what I am really interested in, I chose to learn more about the Seder plate in Passover tradition. The meanings of the celebration as well as the symbolic foods intertwine with the Jewish history of more than 210 years of slavery in Egypt. Though I have learnt about the cruelty of slavery, I have never known about any celebrated festival to commemorate on the journey to freedom from bondage. I am curious in understanding how symbolic foods that are emphasized in this festival represent the experienc es that the Israelites faced and their passage to freedom. Passover (also known as Pesach in Hebrew) is one of the most sacred festival in the Jewish calendar and the longest continuing ritual in the human history. Since 1300 B.C, Jews celebrate this tradition to commemorate the national freedom of the Children of Israel and recalls stories behind the Israelites' departure from the land of Egypt. Spring time signifies the season of Passover, which begins at the sunset marking the fifteenth day of Nisan, the first month in Jewish calendar. In modern calendar, that is between April and May. The story of Passover is written in the Book of Exodus, the second book of Hebrew Bible. Over 3000 years ago, Pharoah, the King of Egypt, enslaved Jews and tortur... ...e tradition. Hopefully, the younger generations will continue to celebrate the sacred celebration to maintain their heritage in the future. Besides the historical meaning behind this tradition, the Seder plate in Passover celebration not only teaches the younger generation to recall the past painful experiences from slavery, but also emphasizes on the positive sides of their successful journey and their joyful moments. Each of the symbolic foods of the Passover Seder Plate has an interesting meaning, and together, they created complex layered meaning of the tradition. Family and friends come together to reflect upon history, sympathize the tragedies, and celebrate the triumphs of their ancestors. It is extraordinary that all Jews around the world strongly symbolize their ancestors’ experiences and spread it as the foundation of national identity.

Robotics Essay -- essays research papers fc

Robotics The image usually thought of by the word robot is that of a mechanical being, somewhat human in shape. Common in science fiction, robots are generally depicted as working in the service of people, but often escaping the control of the people and doing them harm. The word robot comes from the Czech writer Karel Capek's 1921 play â€Å" R.U.R.† (which stands for "Rossum's Universal Robots"), in which mechanical beings made to be slaves for humanity rebel and kill their creators. From this, the fictional image of robots is sometimes troubling, expressing the fears that people may have of a robotized world over which they cannot keep control. The history of real robots is rarely as dramatic, but where developments in robotics may lead is beyond our imagination. Robots exist today. They are used in a relatively small number of factories located in highly industrialized countries such as the United States, Germany, and Japan. Robots are also being used for scientific research, in military programs, and as educational tools, and they are being developed to aid people who have lost the use of their limbs. These devices, however, are for the most part quite different from the androids, or humanlike robots, and other robots of fiction. They rarely take human form, they perform only a limited number of set tasks, and they do not have minds of their own. In fact, it is often hard to distinguish between devices called robots and other modern automated systems. Although the term robot did not come into use until the 20th century, the idea of mechanical beings is much older. Ancient myths and tales talked about walking statues and other marvels in human and animal form. Such objects were products of the imagination and nothing more, but some of the mechanized figures also mentioned in early writings could well have been made. Such figures, called automatons, have long been popular. For several centuries, automatons were as close as people came to constructing true robots. European church towers provide fascinating examples of clockwork figures from medieval times, and automatons were also devised in China. By the 18th century, a number of extremely clever automatons became famous for a while. Swiss craftsman ... ...ng time. Research into developing mobile, autonomous robots is of great value. It advances robotics, aids the comparative study of mechanical and biological systems, and can be used for such purposes as devising robot aids for the handicapped. As for the thinking androids of the possible future, the well-known science-fiction writer Isaac Asimov has already laid down rules for their behavior. Asimov's first law is that robots may not harm humans either through action or inaction. The second is that they must obey humans except when the commands conflict with the first law. The third is that robots must protect themselves except, again, when this comes into conflict with the first law. Future androids might have their own opinions about these laws, but these issues must wait their time. Bibliography Buckley, Ruth V. "Robot." Grolier Electronic Publishing, Inc. 1993. Gibilisco, Stan. The McGraw-Hill Illustrated Encyclopedia of Robotics and Artificial Intelligence. McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York, 1994. Warring, R. H. Robots and Robotology. Tab Books Inc. Blue Ridge Summit, Pa. 1984. And various sites on the internet.

Dr. Victor Frankenstein †The True Monster Essay

The worst kind of monster there is in this world is the kind that totally dismisses the power of love and does everything to destroy believe in this great and wonderful virtue. In Mary Shelley’s ‘Frankenstein’ where Dr. Victor Frankenstein creates a creature from the parts of various corpses and gives it live, the matter of love becomes a central element and this love is what clearly distinguishes the human from the true monster. Mary Shelley’s â€Å"Frankenstein† explores the two levels of love and these two levels are what set apart Dr.Victor Frankenstein as the true monster from the creature that he created because albeit the monstrous external appearance of Frankenstein’s creation, the creature proves more capable of love than its creator. The novel begins with a letter written by Robert Walton to his sister where he describes witnessing a huge creature in the arctic pursued by Dr. Victor Frankenstein. â€Å"Walton records Frankenstein’s narrative, while Frankenstein in turn relays the monster’s narrative, so that there are layers of reality expressed through different characters’ points of view. † (Johnson) From this initial glimpse of the ‘so-called’ monster, the novel unfolds to eventually show that the true monster in the novel is in fact the doctor and not his creation. Apart from the expectations of readers, the creature of Dr. Victor Frankenstein eventually evolves into an individual who can think logically, prove to be more articulate, and more importantly, more capable of love compared to its creator. This alone is evidence that between the two characters who drive the novel, the creature is in fact the one that is presented as the symbol of intrinsic emotions apart from the superficiality that Dr. Frankenstein portrays. In exploring the personality of Dr. Frankenstein in the novel, his monstrosity inevitably emerges. For instance, in the lines, â€Å"Life and death appeared to me ideal bounds, which I should first break through, and pour a torrent of light into our dark world. † (Shelley, Ch. 4) the doctor proves to possess a distorted perception of the world at large. Here, he looks at the world as a place of darkness which needs his scientific prowess as it moves into the light. Aside from the fact that this puts too much weight on his shoulders, this quote also shows his conceit and bloated ego. These lines validate the doctor’s obsession with life and death and how he has the power to control it; only a few levels short of wanting to rule the world as is common with all villains. These lines also express the intentions of the doctor when he creates his ‘so-called’ monster. In this context, the doctor seeks to penetrate natural laws not in the interest of the evolution of science or the welfare of the public but because he would simply want to exercise his assumed power over natural laws. This, in effect, presents the doctor as a mad scientist who is guided by values that are way beyond the values of someone sincerely concerned with the plight of humanity. This initial presentation of Victor sets the tone for the audience and gives them a glimpse of what is to come. With the intentions and personality of this doctor exposed in the way he is characterized, one can easily see that the novel will definitely take a twist that would have the monster gaining the upper hand in terms of sanity and morality. This is validated by another quote from the doctor that states, â€Å"A new species would bless me as its creator and source; many happy and excellent natures would owe their being to me. † (Shelley, Ch. 4) where the doctor very clearly expresses his dark intentions which is to want to have other natures ‘owe their being’ to his work. Here, one sees that the doctor seems to be suffering from a God-complex which to most is the delusion of being someone who can create life and hence, derive power from this ability. Victor, therefore, becomes an individual of thwarted beliefs and one who does not respect the established laws of the universe; of course, the consequences of this are later expressed in the way his monster turns out to be. In comparison to the doctor, the monster as it has already been created presents or manifests critical thought and a deeper and more logical perception of things as opposed to how its master perceives it. This initially sets the stage for a diametrical opposition between the personalities of these two characters. The monster first begins to question his existence, hence, the line, â€Å"â€Å"God in pity made man beautiful and alluring, after his own image; but my form is a filthy type of yours†¦. † (Shelley, p. 154) Here, the monster demonstrates an understanding of natural laws in recognition of God as the creator of man and the circumstance by which man was created as being ‘after his own image’. In looking at his image, the monster concludes that his is a ‘filthy type’ of the image of his creator, Victor Frankenstein. In effect, the monster is now question how a creation can be a substandard version of its creator’s when natural law dictates that the creature has to be ‘beautiful and alluring’ like its creator. There is a deep philosophical insight in this statement by the monster which challenges the humanity of the doctor himself. The mere fact that the monster perceives itself as a ‘filthy’ version of the creator implies that the creator may in fact be human on the outside but a monster on the inside because if the matter of the likeness of God is applied to this supposition, man is created not in the physical likeness of God but in His spiritual likeness. The monster therefore, is an external reflection of the internal nature of the doctor. However, despite this superficial image, the monster develops its own volition and evolves into a thinking-feeling individual who is not restrained or enslaved by the distorted values of its creator. So, the monster begins to recognize this fact and is initially bound to its creator, hence, the lines, â€Å"â€Å"I learned from your papers that you were my father, my creator, and to whom could I apply with more fitness than to him who had given me life? † (Shelley, p. 165) The monster, in these lines expresses two values – the first, being his recognition of the importance of the acquisition of life as a basis for respect, and second, the recognition of the worth of the person who had given it life. For a monster, these realizations are quite distant, but in the case of Frankenstein’s monster, such realizations seemed to come naturally which all the more validates the clear and discriminating thought process of the creature. Another insight that could be derived from these lines is the presence of a deeper emotion than respect – love. The monster, upon referring to the doctor as its ‘father’ gives a deeper dimension to this statement because the word ‘father’ is different from creator; the word ‘father’ is not just a recognition of creation or pro-creation for that matter, but also a recognition of the nurturing nature of the individual. The monster, therefore, by referring to the doctor as ‘father’, is aware of the fact that whoever created it also had the task of nurturing it whether physically or emotionally. In another instance, one sees how the monster acquires its savage nature only as a reflection of the savage nature of the creator. This is seen in the lines, â€Å"â€Å"I am malicious because I am miserable†¦. You, my creator, would tear me to pieces, and triumph; remember that, and tell me why I should pity man more than he pities me? † (Shelley, p. 173) Here one sees that the reason why the monster had developed a hatred for man was because the creator had exercised a certain degree of hostility toward the monster. While in natural circumstances this may simply be construed as cruelty, in this particular instance, the monster is able to perceive the reasons for the hostility and manifest it in its own existence. Therefore, the monster is not savage; instead, it had become savage in response to the hostility of its creator. It will also be recalled from the novel that in the desperation of the monster for social acceptance it implored the doctor to create for it a wife, hence, the lines â€Å"â€Å"I am alone, and miserable; man will not associate with me, but one as deformed and horrible as myself would not deny herself to me. † (Shelley, p. 171) Now, in connection to this particular incident, the doctor did create another monster out of scrap female body parts and introduced it to the first monster as its wife, however, the more horrible thing in this particular instance is the fact that the doctor destroys the female monster and angers the male. In the earlier lines, one can easily glean that the male monster had perceived its appearance to be the reason for its isolation and hence, demonstrated it’s human nature which is in fact beyond the human nature of the doctor who is consumed by his own power and takes away from the male monster the only opportunity at acceptance and love. The incident where the monster kills the wife of Victor on the night of their wedding therefore becomes immaterial to whether the monster has human qualities or not, in fact, it validates its humanness as it demonstrates a significant response to the feeling of remorse and hatred for the inhumanity that was committed upon it by the doctor; and so, this particular incident changes the monsters point of view completely, but it should not be denied that this change of perception is not because of the volition of the monster but as a result of the savage and insensitive actions of Victor, its creator. So, the monster then states, â€Å"â€Å"[T]he human senses are insurmountable barriers to our union†¦. [I]f I cannot inspire love, I will cause fear†¦. † (Shelley, p. 173) Now, if one was to peruse this line as it is without considering the underlying circumstances, it would seem that the monster had become irrational and wild, but with the perusal of underlying circumstance, the monster becomes very logical in its responses. â€Å"It is therefore, plausibly suggested, that the Monster can be seen as a metaphor for the destructive power of unleashed passion. â€Å" (Pearce) This basically shows that the creature is not really the monster in the novel as demonstrated by its insights and responses, and the real monster is the doctor, who, apart from being obsessed with the power of being able to create life, relegates his creation as a monstrosity and totally dismisses the possibility that this creation also has the same degree of emotions and logical thought that he has as its creator. â€Å"Dr. Frankenstein continually underestimates the being’s malice and power. † (Thripp) This is the deadening mistake of Victor and this is what makes the distinction clear between him and his creation. Both seek love, as is shown in Victor’s desire for his wife and the monster’s need for a partner, but it is the way these two men act on the love that had been acquire that sets each other apart. Victor takes this love as if it is natural and ordinary, while the monster perceives it as something that is of great value because of his physical inadequacies; Victor, therefore, becomes more savage than the monster in this aspect, hence, â€Å"the secret is not that he created a monster; the secret is that he is the monster. This intensifies his guilt and seclusion, adds weight to his terrible illness and remorse,† (Thripp) It will be seen towards the end of the story that Victor grows insane and pursues the monster until they finally meet in the arctic. Here, the doctor dies and the creature mourns the loss of its master. This, again, is an expression of humanity, because the monster, despite being victim to the hostility and insensitivity of its creator still felt a certain degree of indebtedness and love for Victor, whom the monster fully recognized and respected to be its sole source of life. The monster, in these final scenes in the novel, validates its humanity over the humanity of the doctor by ignoring all past evils of its master and transcending hostile emotions to recognize the supremacy of love and compassion. In validation of this compassion of the monster, he says, ‘†I do know that for the sympathy of one living being, I would make peace with all. I have love in me the likes of which you can scarcely imagine and rage the likes of which you would not believe. If I cannot satisfy the one, I will indulge the other. † (Shelley) Here one sees that when said by a physically horrible creature these words might seem to be a threat but if the humanity of the creature is superimposed against the reasons for the creature’s existence, then a perfect and complete humanity emerges. â€Å"All the references to monstrousness are metaphors for Victor’s black heart, and that Shelley has created a work of art that is truly Romantic; the entire novel miserable and revolutionary, a battle of light versus dark, good versus evil, all wrapped up in one self-contradictory character. † (Thripp) In conclusion, it is not really the ability of the doctor to create life that is the meat and the matter in this novel; instead it is the conflict of morality that arises from his creation of life. While some argue that this novel alludes to the duality of the personality of Dr. Frankenstein, analyzing the novel deeper would tell one that over and above the dramatic circumstances in the tale, the author offers deep and surprising insights into the nature of humanity. The monster as a symbol of unbounded humanity succeeds in the author’s intention of relegating the real human, Dr. Frankenstein into a domain where readers might question his integrity as a human and as a sane individual. The saner element therefore becomes the monster and the doctor becomes a representation of the dark and savage nature of man which is only expressed in exaggeration in the monster only to highlight or reflect the evil and savageness that dwells in the heart of the true monster, Dr. Frankenstein. Finally, one has the line, â€Å"I may die; but first you, my tyrant and tormentor, shall curse the sun that gazes on your misery. Beware; for I am fearless, and therefore powerful. † (Shelley, Ch. 20) which seals the fate of the monster as one who is more human than its creator. This line expresses one other aspect of humanity that determines how one survives and that is the absence of fear. Victor Frankenstein, in the way he is portrayed in the novel did not fear dabbling with the laws of nature, but upon setting eyes on his creation began to fear what he saw. In effect, the doctor had developed not a fear for the unknown and what should be feared but a fear for his own reflection as portrayed in the monster. He feared the horrors that he saw of himself in the monster. The monster was a mirror of the darkness that pervaded his soul and the misplaced feat that manifested itself in his desire to create life despite traditional values that tell him to do otherwise. So, based on the textual evidence presented in the novel it is quite clear that while numerous philosophical implications can be attached to the text, Victor Frankenstein actually emerges as the monster over and above the superficial monstrosity of his creation. The monster therefore, proves to be more human than its creator in more aspects than one and proves its humanity in the end by showing a sincere and exceptionally deep sense of compassion and logical emotion. ? Works Cited Johnson, Diane. â€Å"Mary Wolstonecraft Shelley, Frankenstein . † Greenman Review. N. p. , 2008. Web. 15 Aug. 2010. . Pearce, Joseph. â€Å"The Misunderstood Monster. † Ignatius Critical Editions. N. p. , 2008. Web. 15 Aug. 2010. . Shelley, Mary W. â€Å"Frankenstein. † N. p. , n. d. Web. 15 Aug. 2010. . Thripp, Richard. â€Å"Victor Frankenstein: Trodden Hero or Veiled Villain?. † Scholarly Essays. N. p. , 2008. Web. 15 Aug. 2010.

Internal Control System

The two primary goals of an internal control system are to safeguard assets and manage resources. This action by the organization, reasonably ensure that their specific goals and objectives will be met within compliance. This system consist of policies, measures and procedures designed to assist management with protecting the organization against waste, preventing and detecting fraud, inconsistencies, inadequacy, ineffectiveness, reliable and accurate accounting, evaluating performance and protecting both its tangible and intangible resources. It helps to minimize risks and they are an integral part of an organization’s financial and business policies. Internal controls are simply just good business practices. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act was enacted on July 30, 2002. The bill was introduced and passed as a result of the then recent corporate accounting scandals by companies such as Enron, Tyco and Worldcomm, just to name a few. These very public scandals rocked the nation; since, they cost investors billions of dollars and challenged the faith that people once had in the America’s stock markets. This new Act helped to rebuild faith in a once loosely regulated system and repair some of the damage done by such greed and deceit. Some argue that the bill has reduced America's international competitive edge against overseas financial service providers (Wikipedia); but the bill was put in place to protect investors, shareholders and the general public alike by improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures made pursuant to the securities laws (SOX-online. com). The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or PCAOB, is the agency created to oversee the accounting firms that act as auditors for corporate companies. The consequences for non-compliance are fines, imprisonment, or both. If a company announces deficiencies in its internal controls, the stock of that organization would most likely fall due to the public knowledge and experience with this type of thing before the Sarbanes- Oxley bill was introduced. Investors’ assurance in the safety of their stock will be negatively impacted. The negative impact can cause panic by investors, resulting in the selling of that investors’ share of stock. But if the company has a strong positive reputation and releases this information voluntarily then the company may save face and retain some of their shareholders trust and some shareholders may remain loyal by staying positive. One limitation of the internal control system is employing a staff large enough to accommodate the many segregated duties of one that is well organized and thought out. The mishandling of finances, under-protection of assets, human error, human deceit, illegal dealings, erroneous information, the size of the business, staff carelessness, poor judgment or lack of knowledge, collusion by staff, overrides by management for personal gain or other motives and controls failing to capture or flag odd transactions, are all limitations in an organization’s control system (Financial Accountability Handbook, Jan. 2010). Controls that are applicable for larger companies, are not applicable in small businesses. For example, a fewer number people perform the accounting practices in small companies since they do not have the resources or the staff to accommodate segregated duties. These persons may have dual responsibility of operation and custody. The isolation of duties may be missing or severely limited. Below is a more detail description of some of these limitations. 1. Judgment: The effectiveness of controls will be limited by decisions made with human judgment under pressure to conduct business based on certain information or a lack there of. . Breakdowns: Even well designed internal controls can break down. Employees sometimes misunderstand instructions or simply make mistakes. Errors may also result from new technology and the complexity of computerized information systems. 3. Management Override: High level personnel may override prescribed policies and procedures for personal gain or advantage; thus, should not be confused with management intervention, which justifies management act ions to depart from prescribed policies and procedures for legitimate purposes. Collusion: Control systems can be circumvented by employee collusion. Individuals acting collectively can alter financial data or other management information in a manner that cannot be identified by control systems. The internal control system is designed differently within every company depending on its own needs. This allows an organization to put in place ethnical methods and procedures that best suit its practices. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act being implemented reassures stockholders and the public that they can possibly, safely invest again with a less likelihood that similar future occurrences of corporate scandals will occur. There is no sure way to have a air-tight internal control system but if a company stays vigilant about staying within compliance, tying up loophole when discovered and prosecuting when necessary; the problem of mishandled finances may slowly become a thing of the past. Internal Control Principles: . The first internal control principal is an applied establishment of responsibility by one individual. 2. The next principal is the segregation of duties where different individuals have a specific duty. 3. The following principle is the physical, mechanical, and electronic controls. This is where there are individuals, machines and computers working together. 4. The last internal control principal is independent internal verification that employs different departments to specific responsibilities.